What is a sandwich? When I first heard the term 'sandwich' in dental school, I was incredibly confused and hungry. At the end of the day,...

Since 1766, when extensive tooth structure was lost, crowns were a valid treatment option. The earliest crowns were made from seasoned...

When it comes to treatment planning in endodontics, you will need to interview the patient, make diagnosis and discuss all the treatment opt

Rinse the teeth well so that they are wet to prevent unnecessary friction and thus over heating the cup. Fill rubber cup at end of Green...

Each brushing technique is designed to address specific oral health concerns, and the choice of the technique can depend on an...

Sulcus bleeding index (SBI) and approximate plaque index (API) are tested at every appointment. The results are used to reflect the...

Understanding the risk factors of periodontal disease greatly benefits dentists and patients. Modifiable risk factors are able to be...

After PSR, if a score of 3 is given to two or more sextants, or if a score of 4 is given to a sextant, a full periodontal charting will...

In the 1996 World Workshop in Periodontics, PSR (Periodontal Screening and Recording) was developed. It is a quick and cheap test...

From a 2017 Workshop presented by the American Academy of Periodontology and European Federation of Periodontology, a universal...

Removable Dentures both partial and full dentures can be used to replace some or all missing teeth. Dentures can be made up of different...

Kennedy’s Classifications Kennedy’s Classification (1923) groups the patterns of partial edentulism. Partial edentulism is when some of...

What are neurodegenerative diseases? In Alzheimer’s disease, there are signs of periodontal disease, denture stomatitis and caries....

What is vaping? Vapes are battery powered devices that heat liquids up into aersols that can be breathed in. Despite its negative effects...

The endocrine system describes the system which makes the chemical messengers named hormones. Hypothalamus The hypothalamus has releasing...

As medical advancements continue, more people are keeping their teeth for longer. Therefore, as dentists, we need to be able to manage...

RESTORATIONS 1. Consider the need for therapeutic agent If the pulp or the dentinal tubules near the pulp are exposed to external stimuli...

Benefits of OPG Diagnose conditions affecting facial bones, teeth and adjacent anatomy (TMJ disorders, bone levels) orthodontics:...